Chemical reaction when a battery is being charged theory of operation the basic electrochemical reaction equation in a. Test results table 2 shows the raw results of the 10hour c 10. Ieee recommended practice for maintenance, testing, and replacement of vented lead acid batteries for stationary applications. A fully charged battery contains a negative plate of sponge lead pb, a positive plate of lead dioxide pb02, and electrolyte of sulfuric acid h2so4 and water h20.
Lead acid batteries have a moderate life span and the charge retention is best among rechargeable batteries. This is generally more of a sitespecific life estimate. When testing newoutofthebox batteries, verify that the date code stamped in the battery does not exceed 6 months from the date of manufacture and that the battery voltage is above 6. Secondary cells and batteries for pv energy systems general requirements and methods of test chapter 8. Battery testing guide 7 failure modes lead acid flooded failure modes positive grid corrosion sediment shedding buildup top lead corrosion plate sulphation hard shorts paste lumps each battery type has many failure modes, some of which are more prevalent than others.
Working of the lead acid battery is all about chemistry and it is very interesting to know about it. This recommended practice also provides guidance to determine when batteries should be replaced. Standard battery testing requirements summary lead yearly18. The basic component of the battery is the cell or cell block in a leadacid battery. Nov 17, 2014 another hillbilly how to, this time im talking about using a hydrometer to test specific gravity in lead acid batteries, please comment, like and subscribe. Overcharge reactions begin when the majority of lead sulphate has been converted, typically resulting in the generation of hydrogen and oxygen gas. During the cycle endurance test, the battery was topped off with water and the amount of water added was measured. Lead acid battery an overview sciencedirect topics. Basic operating principle of a lead acid battery 2. The lead oxide may be prepared by the battery manufacturer, as is the case for many larger battery manufacturing facilities, or may be purchased from a supplier. Internal resistance testing for valve regulated leadacid. Floodedwet lead acid cells with flat plates type designation. Ac 20184 guidance on testing and installation of rechargeableadvisory circular.
I 10 discharge current for a period of 10 hours relating to the nominal capacity i 20 discharge current for a period of 20 hours relating to the nominal capacity conservation charging. Typical lead acid battery schematic lead acid batteries are heavy and less durable than nickel ni and lithium li based systems when deep cycled or discharged using most of their capacity. This recommended practice is applicable to standby service stationary. Lead acid battery is the oldest type of rechargeable battery. Battery, wet, nonspillable absorbed glass mat agm battery sealed leadacid sla battery distributor. In a leadacid battery, the cathode is made of leaddioxide, and the anode is. How to use a hydrometer for testing batteries hillbilly. The results of selfdischarge is the lowering of voltage and capacity loss. This storage technology was first developed in the mid1800s and was soon adopted for commercial applications. Guide to charging sealed lead acid batteries sealed lead acid batteries are widely used, but charging them can be a complex process as tony morgan explains. Sealed leadacid batteries became widely used in the 1980s by general motors. Most importantly, capacity defines end of battery life. When determining what capacity of battery to use for a system, a critical consideration for lead acid is how long the system will take to discharge. Discover what causes batteries to fail and why testing is still in its infancy.
Installation, maintenance, safety, testing procedures, and consideration of battery types other than leadacid are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. Over charging can cause electrolyte to escape as gases. Ieee recommended practice for maintenance, testing, and. P450 ieee draft recommended practice for maintenance, testing, and replacement of vented leadacid batteries for stationary applications maintenance, test schedules, and testing procedures that can be used to optimize the life and performance of permanently installed, vented leadacid storage batteries used for standby service are provided. The leadacid battery was invented in 1859 by french physicist gaston plante and is the earliest type of rechargeable battery. Ieee recommended practice for maintenance, testing, and replacement of valveregulated lead acid vrla batteries for stationary applications i e e e 3 park avenue new york, ny100165997, usa 8 february 2006 ieee power engineering society sponsored by the stationary battery committee. It is an electrical storage device that uses a reversible chemical reaction to store energy. Lead reclamation facilities at battery plants are generally small pot furnaces for nonoxidized lead. Terms and definitions reliable, given the real world environment in which it is used. Section 2 contains detailed information on lead acid battery principles. Standard battery testing requirements summary the tables below summarize the testing requirements and schedules from the following standards. Leadacid batteries in general and vrlas in particular as well as some nickel chemistries are suited to passive cell balancing.
A battery is effectively a small chemical plant which stores energy in its plates. Air3 systems on aircraft this advisory circular ac provides manufacturers and installers with an acceptable means of. In a lead acid battery, the cathode is made of lead dioxide, and the anode is made of metallic lead. Disconnect the battery from the system, remove cables and connectors, and clean off the terminals. The shorter the discharge period, the less capacity is available from the lead acid battery. Battery test methods for common battery chemistries. Types of lead acid batteries table 1 below contains the range of lead acid batteries commonly available in the market. Flooded lead acid battery test report this test result covers all solar industrial models. Chemical reaction when a battery is being charged theory of operation the basic electrochemical reaction equation in a lead acid battery can be written as. Contact with the electrolyte will cause burns to the eyes and skin. No practical method exists to quantify all conditions of a battery in a short, comprehensive test. Batteries are not repairable, at least not with the same meaning that we apply to other devices6. Lead acid and liion share communalities by keeping low resistance under normal condition.
Clause 11 describes recycling and disposal of vented leadacid batteries. O lead alloy plates that convert to lead oxide over time lead oxide crystal is larger than the metal, it grows over time part of design, many data sheet give clearance at bottom of jar over rated life time 20 years growth can and does force off tops of battery. Air3 systems on aircraft this advisory circular ac provides manufacturers and installers with an acceptable means of compliance to meet the installation, operation, maintenance and airworthiness requirements for. These features, along with their low cost, make them attractive for use in. They are still popular today and marketed as maintenancefree. They are chemically charged with an electrolyte which is a mixture of distilled water and. When used in uninterruptible power supply ups systems, the environment, both electrically and physically, can be extremely harsh. Charging sealed lead acid sla batteries does not seem a particularly difficult process, but the hard part in charging an sla battery is maximising the battery life.
If leadacid batteries are over discharged or left standing in the discharged state for prolonged periods hardened lead sulphate coats the electrodes and will not be removed during recharging. The diluted sulfuric acid h 2 so 4 molecules break into two parts when the acid dissolves. Rod van wart avo training institute, senior battery instructor and. Introduction a battery charger is a device used to put energy into a cell or rechargeable battery by forcing an electric current through it. It uses a combination of lead plates or grids and an electrolyte consisting of a diluted sulphuric. There are huge chemical process is involved in lead acid batterys charging and discharging condition. The battery which uses sponge lead and lead peroxide for the conversion of the chemical energy into electrical power, such type of battery is called a lead acid battery. Jul 22, 2018 the lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because lead acid battery has higher cell voltage and lower cost.
There are four stages in this dischargingcharging cycle. Various vented lead acid batteries perform all types of duties switchgear ups etc. Leadacid batteries were the first rechargeable electrochemical battery storage available. Clause 10 provides guidance on trending of battery parameters. Another hillbilly how to, this time im talking about using a hydrometer to test specific gravity in leadacid batteries, please comment, like and subscribe. For this test we will assume that the batteries in question are 12v. Such buildups reduce the efficiency and life of batteries. Take a voltage reading for reference and make sure to write it down. The interest reflects the desire for simple electronic means to replace discharge testing as a practical determination of residual battery capacity, particularly given the increased usage of valveregulated lead acid vrla batteries. Sind 06 920, 6v, 627ah 10hr rate battery endurance in cycles according to test chapter. Clause 11 describes recycling and disposal of vented lead acid batteries.
There are other purpose specific lead acid designs not covered in this article and information on these can be obtained from manufacturers. How to use a hydrometer for testing batteries hillbilly how. A leadacid storage battery can be partially discharged and recharged many times. It uses a combination of lead plates or grids and an electrolyte consisting of a diluted sulphuric acid to convert electrical energy into potential chemical energy and back again. Standard battery testing requirements summary lead. Section 2 contains detailed information on leadacid battery principles. Batterystuff articles how to test a lead acid battery at home. A 100ah vrla battery will only deliver 80ah if discharged over a four hour period.
A comparison of leadacid and lithiumbased battery behavior. At significantly higher or lower temperatures the ah capacity available could vary by up to 50%. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because lead acid battery has higher cell voltage and lower cost. Installation, maintenance, safety, testing procedures, and consideration of battery types other than lead acid are beyond the scope of this recommended practice. The lead acid battery is most commonly used in the power stations and substations because it has higher cell voltage and lower cost. Ieee standards for stationary battery maintenance and monitoring. Ieee11892007 guide selection of valveregulated lead acid batteries for stationary applications. Maintenance, test schedules, and testing procedures that can be used to optimize the life and performance of permanently installed, vented leadacid storage batteries used for standby service are provided. Batterystuff articles how to test a lead acid battery at. A lead acid storage battery can be partially discharged and recharged many times. The first thing to do is to get a pen, a notebook, a voltmeter, and a battery charger. When a typical leadacid cell is charged, lead sulphate is converted to lead on the batterys negative plate and lead dioxide on the positive plate. Manufacturers recommend selecting a test length on the design parameters of the type of battery being used to the appropriate.
Despite having a very low energytoweight ratio and a low energytovolume ratio, its ability to supply high surge currents means that the cells have a relatively large powertoweight ratio. Being unable to service each of the six battery cells is a disadvantage, especially when it comes to battery testing. Lead acid batteries were the first rechargeable electrochemical battery storage available. How to test sealed lead acid batteries it still runs.
Internet version of this manual created hydroelectric. Ieee standards for stationary battery maintenance and. Ir testing summary regular battery maintenance and testing is key to battery system reliability, adhering to nerc and ieee requirements, redeeming a manufacturers warranty and helping predict a. At a charge efficiency of 99 percent, liion is best suited for digital battery estimation. Approximately 1 to 4 percent of the lead processed at a typical lead acid battery plant is recycled through the reclamation operation as paste or metal. If lead acid batteries are over discharged or left standing in the discharged state for prolonged periods hardened lead sulphate coats the electrodes and will not be removed during recharging. Fill each cell to proper level with batterygrade sulfuric acid of 1.
It can deep cycle as well as deliver serious cranking power. Lead acid storage batteries are produced from lead alloy ingots and lead oxide. Ieee recommended practice for maintenance, testing, and replacement of vented leadacid batteries for stationary applications. Leadacid batteries are never discharged to zero during testing as this could result in irreversible damage5 1. Ir testing for vale regulated leadacid batteries he benefits of 6esting hite paper 800 5542243. The six lead acid cells used here are vrla valveregulated lead acid batteries rated 6 v 4. Rod van wart avo training institute, senior battery instructor and curriculum advisor. Lead acid starts at about 85 percent and increases in capacity through use before the long and gradual decrease begins.
Recondition a lead acid battery, dont buy a new one the. The interest reflects the desire for simple electronic means to replace discharge testing as a practical determination of residual battery capacity, particularly given the increased usage of valveregulated leadacid vrla batteries. Fundamentals in battery testing battery university. In recent years, however, the general trend in the lead acid battery.